Bought 30 years earlier at auction for under half a million pounds.
Surrealist Painting sold for over £28million pounds!
The Story of Saint Sebastian and His Depictions in Renaissance Art
The Story of Saint Sebastian
Saint Sebastian is one of the most venerated martyrs in Christian history, renowned for his bravery and unwavering faith. His story, which dates back to the early Christian era, has inspired countless artists, particularly during the Renaissance.
- Early Life and Military Career:
- Saint Sebastian was a Roman soldier who secretly practiced Christianity during a time of severe persecution under Emperor Diocletian. Despite his high-ranking position in the Roman army, he used his status to aid Christian prisoners and convert others to Christianity.
- Martyrdom:
- When his Christian faith was discovered, Sebastian was ordered to be executed by being tied to a tree and shot with arrows. Miraculously, he survived this initial attempt on his life, often depicted as being cared for and healed by Saint Irene of Rome. Despite his recovery, he confronted Diocletian, criticizing him for his cruelty. This led to his being beaten to death, making him a double martyr.
- Symbolism:
- Sebastian’s endurance and faith in the face of persecution made him a powerful symbol of resilience and divine protection. His martyrdom is seen as a testament to the strength of faith over physical suffering.
Depictions in Renaissance Art
The Renaissance period saw a resurgence of interest in classical themes and humanism, which influenced the portrayal of religious figures, including Saint Sebastian. Artists used his story to explore themes of beauty, suffering, and divine grace.
Andrea Mantegna:
Saint Sebastion, 1480, canvas, Louvre, Paris
Mantegna’s second of three depictions, shows Sebastian tied to a classical column with arrows piercing his body. The painting is notable for its use of perspective and the detailed rendering of Sebastian’s anatomy, showcasing the Renaissance interest in humanism and the study of the human body. The background includes ruins, symbolizing the fall of the pagan world and the triumph of Christianity.
Sandro Botticelli:
| Artist | Sandro Botticelli |
|---|---|
| Year | 1474 |
| Medium | Tempera on panel |
| Dimensions | 195 cm × 75 cm (77 in × 30 in) |
| Location | Gemäldegalerie, Berlin |
Botticelli’s version of Saint Sebastian highlights the saint’s youthful beauty and serene expression despite his suffering. The painting emphasizes the contrast between the saint’s physical torment and his spiritual tranquility, reflecting the Renaissance fascination with the idealized human form.
Antonello da Messina:
| Artist | Antonello da Messina |
|---|---|
| Year | c. 1477–1479 |
| Type | Oil on canvas transferred onto board |
| Dimensions | 171 cm × 85 cm (67 in × 33 in) |
| Location | Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden |
Saint Sebastian” (1477-1479): In this work, Saint Sebastian is portrayed in a state of graceful resignation, standing in an open architectural setting. Antonello’s detailed attention to light and shadow enhances the three-dimensionality of the figure, and the serene, almost contemplative expression on Sebastian’s face underscores his spiritual strength.
El Greco:
| Artist | El Greco |
|---|---|
| Year | 1610 – 1614 |
| Medium | oil on canvas |
| Dimensions | 201.5 cm × 111.5 cm (79.3 in × 43.9 in) |
| Location | Prado Museum, Madrid |
“Saint Sebastian” (1610-1614): Though slightly later than the core Renaissance period, El Greco’s depiction is notable for its dramatic style. The elongated form of Sebastian and the intense emotional expression reflect El Greco’s unique blend of Renaissance technique and Mannerist influence. The painting emphasizes the spiritual fervor and mystical aspects of Sebastian’s martyrdom.
Perugino:
| Artist | Perugino |
|---|---|
| Year | 1495 |
| Medium | oil on oak panel |
| Dimensions | 176 cm × 116 cm (69 in × 46 in) |
| Location | Louvre, Paris |
“Saint Sebastian” (1493-1494): Perugino’s depiction is characterized by its soft, lyrical quality. The saint is shown in a contrapposto stance, with his body elegantly contorted to display both the beauty of the human form and the poignancy of his suffering. The serene landscape in the background adds to the painting’s tranquil and contemplative mood.
Gian Lorenzo Bernini:
| Artist | Gian Lorenzo Bernini |
|---|---|
| Year | 1617–18 |
| Catalogue | 4 |
| Type | Sculpture |
| Medium | Marble |
| Subject | Saint Sebastian |
| Dimensions | 98 x 42 cm |
| Location | Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum (Carmen Cervera collection), Madrid |
“Saint Sebastian” (1617-1618): As one of the foremost sculptors of the Baroque era, Bernini’s depiction of Saint Sebastian in sculpture captures the moment of intense agony and spiritual ecstasy. The dynamic pose and the detailed rendering of the human form illustrate the Baroque emphasis on movement and emotional intensity.
Conclusion
Saint Sebastian’s story and its depiction in Renaissance art serve as a powerful narrative of faith, endurance, and divine grace. Renaissance artists, with their renewed interest in humanism, classical antiquity, and the natural world, found in Sebastian a compelling subject through which they could explore complex themes of suffering, beauty, and redemption. Each artist brought their unique perspective and style to the depiction of Saint Sebastian, resulting in a rich tapestry of artworks that continue to inspire and move audiences to this day.
A Visitor’s Guide to the Musée d’Orsay, Paris: a trip to the beginnings of modernity.
Nestled along the banks of the Seine River, the Musée d’Orsay is one of Paris’s most treasured cultural institutions. Housed in a stunning Beaux-Arts railway station built for the 1900 World Fair, this museum is a testament to the transformative power of art from the mid-19th to the early 20th century. Whether you’re an art aficionado or a casual visitor, the Musée d’Orsay offers an unforgettable journey through some of the most significant movements in art history. Here’s your guide to the must-see masterpieces during your visit.
1. Arrival and First Impressions
As you approach the Musée d’Orsay, you’ll be struck by its grand façade and the iconic clock tower that signals its former life as a bustling train station. Entering through the main hall, you’re greeted by the vast, open space filled with natural light pouring in from the glass roof. The museum’s layout guides you through different periods and movements, each with its own unique charm.
2. Highlights of the Collection
The Musée d’Orsay is renowned for its extensive collection of Impressionist and Post-Impressionist masterpieces. Here are some of the must-see artworks:
1. The Dance Class by Edgar Degas
Degas’ fascination with ballet dancers is beautifully captured in “The Dance Class.” This painting offers a glimpse into the rigorous world of ballet, highlighting Degas’ ability to convey movement and grace. The attention to detail and the use of light and shadow make it a standout piece in the museum.
2. Olympia by Édouard Manet
One of the most controversial paintings of its time, “Olympia” by Manet challenged societal norms and expectations. The painting depicts a reclining nude woman with a gaze that is both direct and confrontational. Manet’s bold brushwork and the provocative subject matter make this a painting that cannot be missed.
3. Starry Night Over the Rhône by Vincent van Gogh
While Van Gogh’s “Starry Night” in New York’s MoMA is more famous, “Starry Night Over the Rhône” at the Musée d’Orsay captures a similar sense of wonder. The painting depicts the night sky over the Rhône River, with reflections of stars and gas lamps dancing on the water’s surface. Van Gogh’s swirling brushstrokes and vibrant colors make this a truly mesmerizing piece.
5. Luncheon on the Grass by Édouard Manet
Manet’s “Luncheon on the Grass” is another groundbreaking work that stirred controversy for its unconventional subject matter. The painting features a picnic scene with a nude woman seated beside two fully dressed men. The juxtaposition of the figures and the innovative use of light and color make this a significant piece in the history of modern art.
6. Whistler’s Mother by James McNeill Whistler
Formally titled “Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1,” this iconic portrait of Whistler’s mother is a study in composition and form. The painting’s simplicity and elegance have made it one of the most recognizable works in the museum’s collection
7. The Gleaners by Jean-François Millet
Millet’s “The Gleaners” depicts three peasant women collecting leftover grains after the harvest. This painting is celebrated for its portrayal of rural life and its compassionate depiction of the working class. The warm, earthy tones and the detailed rendering of the figures make it a poignant and memorable work.
8. The Birth of Venus by Alexandre Cabanel
Cabanel’s “The Birth of Venus” is a quintessential example of Academic art. The painting depicts the goddess Venus emerging from the sea, surrounded by cherubs. The meticulous attention to detail and the idealized beauty of the figures exemplify the academic style of the 19th century.
9. The Floor Scrapers by Gustave Caillebotte
Caillebotte’s “The Floor Scrapers” offers a glimpse into the everyday life of Parisian workers. The painting’s realistic portrayal of laborers at work, combined with the play of light and shadow, creates a powerful and evocative image.
10. Bal du Moulin de la Galette by Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Renoir’s “Bal du Moulin de la Galette” is a joyful depiction of a Sunday afternoon dance at a popular Parisian venue. The painting captures the vibrant social scene with its lively brushwork and the play of dappled sunlight. It is a celebration of the joie de vivre that characterizes Renoir’s work.
3. Additional Tips for Your Visit
- Plan Ahead: The Musée d’Orsay can get crowded, especially during peak tourist seasons. Consider purchasing tickets in advance and arriving early to avoid long lines.
- Take a Break: The museum has several cafes and a stunning restaurant where you can relax and enjoy a meal or a coffee while taking in the beautiful surroundings.
- Guided Tours: To gain deeper insights into the artworks and their historical context, consider joining a guided tour or using the museum’s audio guide.
- Explore the Neighborhood: After your visit, take a stroll along the Seine or explore the nearby Tuileries Garden for a full Parisian experience.
4. Conclusion
A visit to the Musée d’Orsay is a journey through some of the most pivotal moments in art history. The museum’s collection of masterpieces offers a window into the creative genius of artists who have shaped our understanding of beauty, emotion, and expression. Whether you’re captivated by the delicate dancers of Degas or the bold brushstrokes of Van Gogh, the Musée d’Orsay promises an enriching and unforgettable experience.
Opening times:
The Musée d’Orsay is a must-visit destination for art lovers traveling to Paris. To make the most of your visit, it’s essential to know the museum’s opening hours:
- Tuesday to Sunday: 9:30 AM – 6:00 PM
- Thursday: Extended hours until 9:45 PM
- Monday: Closed
Special Notes
- Last Admission: The last entry is at 5:00 PM, and at 9:00 PM on Thursdays.
- Museum Closure: The museum is closed on Mondays, May 1 (Labor Day), and December 25 (Christmas Day).
Planning your visit around these times will ensure you have ample opportunity to explore the museum’s extensive collection without any timing issues.
The Art Movement of Bologna, Italy: The Carracci Brothers and Their Works in Rome
The Carracci brothers, Annibale, Agostino, and their cousin Ludovico, were pivotal figures in the transition from Mannerism to Baroque art in Italy. Originating from Bologna, they were instrumental in revitalizing Italian painting at the end of the 16th century. Their collaborative works in Bologna and individually significant contributions in Rome helped lay the foundations for the Baroque style that would dominate European art in the 17th century.
The Early Years in Bologna
The Lammentation, Animals Carracci circa 1586, Oil on canvas. The Hermitage, St Petersberg.
The Carracci brothers began their careers in Bologna, where they established the Accademia degli Incamminati around 1582. This academy was dedicated to fostering a new naturalistic approach to painting, which emphasized the study of nature, anatomy, and the works of classical antiquity. Their innovative teaching methods and collaborative efforts helped to cultivate a generation of artists who would carry forward their artistic vision.
Ludovico Carracci
Ludovico Carracci – Christ in the Wilderness, Served by Angels, 1608-10, Oil on canvas, 157 x 225 cm
Staatliche Museen, Berlin
Ludovico, the elder cousin, was known for his religious compositions and dramatic use of light and shadow. His early works in Bologna include frescoes in the churches of San Rocco and San Michele in Bosco. Ludovico’s approach was more emotional and expressive compared to his cousins, often focusing on the spiritual intensity of his subjects.
Annibale Carracci:
Stories of Jason and Medea, part of a fresco cycle by Carracci within Palazzo Fava Bologna, fresco, late 16th century.
Annibale, arguably the most talented of the trio, showed exceptional skill in both fresco and easel painting. His works in Bologna include the frescoes in the Palazzo Fava, which depict scenes from the story of Jason and the Argonauts. Annibale’s work in Bologna laid the groundwork for his later masterpieces in Rome.
Agostino Carracci:
- Agostino was not only a painter but also an accomplished engraver. His work in Bologna includes contributions to the Palazzo Magnani frescoes, which depict scenes from the “History of Romulus.” Agostino’s keen eye for detail and narrative clarity complemented the broader compositions of Ludovico and Annibale.
The Carracci in Rome
In 1595, Annibale Carracci was invited to Rome by Cardinal Odoardo Farnese to decorate the Palazzo Farnese. This commission would become one of the most significant artistic achievements of the Baroque period.
Palazzo Farnese:
| Artist | Annibale Carracci and studio |
|---|---|
| Year | 1597 – 1604 (08) |
| Medium | Fresco |
| Movement | Baroque |
| Location | Farnese Palazzo, Rome |
The Farnese Gallery Ceiling (1597-1604): The frescoes in the Palazzo Farnese are considered Annibale’s magnum opus. The ceiling, depicting “The Loves of the Gods,” is a masterful synthesis of classical mythology and Renaissance artistic principles. Drawing inspiration from Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel ceiling and Raphael’s Vatican frescoes, Annibale infused the work with dynamic compositions, rich color, and lifelike figures. The central panel, “The Triumph of Bacchus and Ariadne,” showcases his ability to blend naturalism with classical idealism.
- Other Works in Rome:
- The Assumption of the Virgin: Annibale’s altarpiece for the Cerasi Chapel in Santa Maria del Popolo is a significant work that demonstrates his capacity for combining dramatic narrative with harmonious composition.
- The Pietà: Located in the same chapel, this painting shows Annibale’s mastery of human emotion and his skill in rendering complex, deeply moving religious scenes.
- Agostino Carracci’s Contributions:
- Although Agostino did not achieve the same level of fame in Rome as Annibale, he contributed to the early stages of the Palazzo Farnese project and continued to produce engravings that disseminated the Carracci style throughout Europe.
Influence and Legacy
The Carracci’s work, particularly in Rome, had a profound impact on the development of Baroque art. Their emphasis on naturalism, combined with a revival of classical principles, provided a counterpoint to the artificiality of Mannerism and laid the groundwork for future artists like Caravaggio, Peter Paul Rubens, and Gian Lorenzo Bernini.
- Naturalism and Classicism:
- The Carracci’s blend of naturalism and classicism influenced a generation of artists who sought to reconcile the ideal beauty of the Renaissance with the observed reality of the human form.
- Pedagogical Influence:
- The Accademia degli Incamminati played a crucial role in training young artists. This institution emphasized drawing from life, anatomical studies, and the emulation of classical models, shaping the artistic education of the Baroque era.
- Dissemination of Style:
- Through their works, both in Bologna and Rome, and the dissemination of their engravings, the Carracci had a lasting influence on the visual culture of Europe. Their ability to combine rigorous naturalism with a deep sense of narrative and emotion helped to define the visual language of the Baroque period.
Conclusion
The Carracci brothers’ contributions to the art world, both in their native Bologna and in the artistic epicenter of Rome, were instrumental in shaping the trajectory of Baroque art. Their innovative approach to painting, characterized by a harmonious blend of naturalism, classicism, and emotional depth, left an indelible mark on the history of Western art. Their works remain celebrated for their technical brilliance, expressive power, and enduring influence on subsequent generations of artists.
Gig Review: Jimmy Hendrix, 1967 at Chelmsford Corn Exchange, first published 2009
The following review was published in Jimpress, a Hendrix fanzine. A Chelmsford website asked to reproduce it during 2009.
It has since disappeared into the basement of the Internet but I managed to retrieve it and reproduce it here, for lovers of good music.
